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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

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A | On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。 7月末社融存量、M2增速均高于名义GDP增速 货币政策保持支持性立场央行有望推出更多增量政策 中国人民银行日前发布的《2026年7月金融统计数据报告》显示，7月末，社会融资规模存量、广义货币（M2）增速均明显高于上半年名义GDP增速，社会融资条件处在比较宽松的状态，货币政策延续支持性立场。

B | 业内专家普遍认为，货币政策有望在总量和结构性工具方面协同发力，推出更多增量政策，为经济稳中向好提供更有力支撑。具体来看，7月末，社会融资规模存量达到463.27万亿元，同比增长7.4%，其中企业债券余额36.47万亿元，同比增长9.2%，政府债券余额102.68万亿元，同比增长14.1%。M2余额355.51万亿元，同比增长7.7%。月末人民币贷款余额282.29万亿元，同比增长5.1%。 “在企业债券融资、政府债券融资等分项同比多增带动下，7月社融时隔4个月再度恢复同比多增，支撑月末社融存量同比增速与上月末持平，结束了此前连续4个月的下行过程。总体来看，当前M2、存量社融增速显著高于上半年名义GDP增速，表明当前社会融资条件处在较为宽松的状态，货币政策保持支持性立场。”东方金诚首席宏观分析师王青表示。不过业内专家也提到，主要受企业融资需求减弱、居民部门持续降杠杆等因素影响，7月人民币贷款继续处于“降速提质”过程。 “目前贷款利率呈现下行趋势，说明在供求关系作用下，贷款投放已经比较充分。贷款增速下降，与企业等经营主体融资方式变化有一定关系，在存量社会融资规模中，债券融资增速明显较高。社会融资规模全面反映了实体经济从金融部门获得的融资支持，其增速稳定说明金融对实体经济的支持是足够的。”中国邮政储蓄银行研究员娄飞鹏说。王青认为，总体上看，7月新增信贷总量依然偏弱，贷款“降速提质”正在成为新常态。从结构上看，当前银行体系正顺应经济转型趋势，优化信贷投向。数据显示，7月末普惠小微等金融“五篇大文章”贷款增速明显高于全部贷款增速，当月新发放贷款加权平均利率降至历史低位，当前信贷投放结构优化，服务实体经济质效提升。面对国内外经济金融形势的新变化，业内人士认为，央行有望推出更多增量措施。央行日前发布的《2026年第二季度中国货币政策执行报告》（以下简称《报告》）提出，下阶段，将充分发挥各项存量政策效能，及时谋划出台务实管用的增量政策，加大逆周期调节力度，加力扩大内需、优化供给，推动经济持续向新向优向好发展。同时，《报告》还要求发挥好货币政策工具总量和结构双重功能，落实好年初出台的一系列货币金融政策，不断完善工具设计和管理，扎实做好金融“五篇大文章”，加强对扩大内需、科技创新、中小微企业等重点领域的金融支持。

C | 南开大学金融学教授田利辉认为，结合二季度货币政策执行报告的表态，预计央行政策重心将更多转向盘活存量、创新结构性工具以及配合财政发力。 “预计结构性货币政策工具将继续降价、增量、扩围，加大对科技融资、普惠金融的定向支持力度，推动新旧动能转换，提升金融服务实体经济质效。综合考虑经济运行态势及物价走势，预计三季度末前后以上增量政策有可能落地。值得注意的是，下半年政府债券发行会明显提速，8000亿元新型政策性金融工具将加快推进。这会带动政府债券融资恢复同比多增，并拉动配套贷款投放。由此，下半年社融有望恢复同比多增。”王青说。（记者袁小康）。

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